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The commercial development of such a process would revolutionize present methods of manufacture. Producers of the naturally occurring citric acid may, therefore, in the future be subjected to competition more severe than that which now exists. Satural citric acid pro- duction in the United States is definitely limited to the amount of cull citrus fruit available and probably seldom exceeds 3,500,000 pounds annually. It is not known whether the manufacture of citric acid from cull citrus fruits and other wastes could be operated profitably if prices were further re- duced. Improved methods of manufacture to reduce operat- ing costs may be necessary to compete successfully with the fermentation citric acid industry. Literature Cited (1) Ajon, G., Ann. merceol. siciliuna, 1, 33 pp. (1933). (2) Amelung, H., Chem.-Ztg., 54, 118 (1930). (3) Amelung, H., Z. phvsiol. Chem., 166, 161-209 (1927). (4) Bernhauer, K., Biochem. Z., 197, 309-42 (1928). (5) Bernhauer, K., “Die oxydativen Garungen,” pp. 78-103. Ber- lin, Julius Springer, 1932; “Garungschemisches Praktikum,” pp. 199-202, Berlin, Julius Springer, 1936. (6) Bernhauer, K., Ergeb. Enzymforsch., 3, 185-227 (1934). (7) Bernhauer, K., and Iglauer, A., Biochem. Z., 286, 45 (1936). (8) Bleyer, B., German Patent 434,729 (Oct. 6, 1926). (9) Boehringer, C. F., & Soehne, G. m. b. H., British Patent 452,- (10) Boehringer, C. F., & Soehne, G. m. b. H., German Patent (11) Browne, C. A., J. IND. ENG. CHEM., 13, 81 (1921). (12) Butkevich, V. S., and Galvskaya, M. S., Compt. rend. mad. sci. (13) Cahn, F. J., U. S. Patents 1,809,797 (June 9, 1931), 1,812,136 (June 30, 1931), and 2,047,669 (July 14, 1936); French Patents 675,236 and 675,237 (Oct. 29, 1929). 460 (Aug. 24, 1936). 636,135 (Oct. 2, 1936). U. S. S. R., [N. S.] 3,405-8 (1935). (14) Challenger, F., Ind. Chemist, 5, 181-4 (1929). (15) Chreaszcz, T., and Peyros, E., Biochem. Z., 280, 327-36 (1935). (16) Chrzasecz, T., and Tiukow, D., Ibid., 229, 343 (1930). (17) Corbellini, Arnaldo, “L’utilizzaeione dell’acido citric0 alla sintesi dell’ 1-fenil 3-metil 5-piraeolone e derivati,” Palermo, Ires, 1935. (18) Cruess, TV. V., Chem. & Met. Eng., 32, 313-15 (1925). (19) Currie, J. N., J. Rid. Chem., 31, 15-37 (1917). (20) Dodger, W. P., and Prescott, S. C., IND. ENG. CHEM., 26, 1142 (21) Ellis, Carleton, U. S. Patent 2,007,965 (July 16, 1935). (22) Emde, H., Biochem. Z., 275, 373 (1935). (23) Falck, R., German Patent 426,926 (-March 29, 1926). (24) Fernbach, A,, and Yuill, J. L., U. S. Patents 1,691,965 and 1,691,966 (Nov. 20, 1928); British Patents 266,414 and 266,- 415 (Feb. 28, 3927); French Patents 610,121 and 610,122 (Mag 29, 1926). (1934). (25) Frey, A., German Patent 567,071 (Sept. 13, 1930). (26) Fulmer, E. I., and Werkman, C. H., “Index to the Chemical Action of Microorganisms on the Non-Nitrogenous Organic Compounds,” Springfield, Ill., Chas. C. Thomas, 1930. (27) Galeano, S., Ann. merced. siciliuna, 2, 59-101 (1934). (28) Henneberg, W., Handbuch der Garungsbakteriologie, 1‘01. I, p. 557, Berlin, Paul Parey, 1926. (29) Ivanov, N. N., and associates, Proc. Inst. Sci. Research Food Ind. (U. S. S. R.), 3, 3-153 (1935); 3, 1-167 (1936). (30) Kanhauser, F., U. S. Patent 1,779,001 (Oct. 21, 1930). (31) Kostuichev, S., and Berg, V., Bull. State Inst. Agr. Microbiol. (32) Lilly, C. H., U. 9. Patent 1,936,983 (Nov. 28, 1933). (33) May, 0. E., and Herrick, H. T., U. S. Dept. Agr., Ck. 216 (May, 1932). (34) May, 0. E., Herrick, H. T., Moyer, A. J., and Hellbach, R., IXD. EXG. CHEM., 21, 1198-1203 (1929). (35) Molinari, Ettore, “Treatise on General and Industrial Chemis- try,’’ 2nd ed., Part I, pp. 412-19, London, J. and A. Churchill, 1920. (U. S. S. R.), 5, 8-27 (1933). (36) Molliard, M., Compt. rend. soc. biol., 90, 1395-7 (1924). (37) Nussbaum, J., French Patent 801,273 (July 31, 1936). (38) Pilhasky, B. M., Chem. & Met. Eng., 33, 559 (1926). (39) Porges, Nandor, Am. J. Botanu, 19, 559-67 (1932). (401 Protod’yakonov, 0. P., Bull. State Inst. Agr. Microbiol. (U. S. S. ., R.), 5, 231-58 (1933). (411 Ricevuto. A,. and Bennett, A. H., U. S. Patent 2,072,530 ~~~I (March 2, 1937). (March 31, 1934). (42) Shmuk, A. A., Russian Patents 30,272 (July 31, 1933) and 35,187