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Incorporating precast concrete components in bridge piers has the potential to accelerate bridge
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construction and reduce the negative impacts that construction operations have on traffic flow. As part of
this project, methodologies were developed to design economical and safe bridge piers out of precast
concrete components. This research developed force-based and displacement-based procedures for the
design of both cast-in-place emulation and hybrid precast concrete piers. The design procedures were
developed so that they require no nonlinear analysis making them practical for use in a design office.
The expected level of damage to piers designed using the proposed procedures was estimated.
The evaluation considered three types of damage to the columns of a pier: cover concrete spalling,
longitudinal reinforcing bar buckling, and fracture of the longitudinal reinforcing bars. Both the
force-based and displacement-based design procedures were found to produce bridges designs expected
to experience an acceptable amount of damage in a design-level earthquake. 5063
The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible
for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not
necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Washington State Transportation
Commission, Department of Transportation, or the Federal Highway Administration.
This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.
CONTENTS
LIST OF SYMBOLS .xiii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . xxiii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.1
1.1 Motivation for Rapid Construction.1
1.2 Precast Concrete Components: A Potential Solution3
1.3 Precast Concrete Applications for Bridges in Washington State4
1.4 Proposed Precast Concrete Pier Systems5
1.5 Design Procedures for Precast Concrete Piers9
1.6 Research Objectives11
1.7 Summary of Report Contents11
CHAPTER 2 EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE DESIGN METHOD13
2.1 Background.13
2.2 Procedure 14
2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of the ELFD Procedure 20
CHAPTER 3 DISPLACEMENT-BASED DESIGN METHOD .21
3.1 Background.21
3.2 Procedure 23
3.2.1 Iterative Procedure 24
3.2.2 Direct (Non-iterative) Procedure 30
3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of the DDBD Procedure.31
CHAPTER 4 METHODS FOR ESTIMATING YIELD DISPLACEMENT .33
4.1 Nonlinear Analysis Method 33
4.2 Piers Considered in the Calibration of Equation-Based Methods 35
4.3 Equation-Based Method for CIP Emulation Piers 36
4.3.1 Displacement at First Yield Due to Flexural Deformation37
4.3.2 Displacement of the Pier at First Yield Due to Strain Penetration 43
4.3.3 Ratio of Yield Displacement to Displacement at First Yield 46
4.3.4 Accuracy of the Equation-Based Estimates for CIP Emulation Piers .47
4.4 Equation-Based Method for Hybrid Piers.49
4.4.1 Displacement at First Yield Due to Deformation of the Interface
Regions .50
4.4.2 Displacement at First Yield Due to Elastic Deformation of the
Columns .52
4.4.3 Ratio of Yield Displacement to Displacement at First Yield 55
4.4.4 Accuracy of the Equation-Based Estimates for Hybrid Piers56
CHAPTER 5 METHODS FOR ESTIMATING EQUIVALENT VISCOUS
DAMPING58
5.1 Theoretical Background for Equivalent Viscous Damping59
5.2 Nonlinear Analysis Method 63
5.3 Equation-Based Method63
5.3.1 Shapes of Typical Hysteretic Loops 63
5.3.2 Superposition of Hysteretic Loops 68
5.3.3 The Force Capacity of a Pier with Mild Steel Reinforcement Alone 69